Headings
Following APA style, headings are used to organize articles and give them a hierarchical structure. APA style prescribes a specific format for headings (from one to five levels) within an article. They are referred to on page 113 of the 6th edition of the Publication Manual using the following level numbers:
- Level 5: CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
- Level 1: Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
- Level 2: Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
- Level 3: Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading
- Level 4: Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
According to APA style, if an article has:
- One level: use Level 1 headings
- Two levels: use Level 1 (superordinate) and Level 3 (subordinate) headings
- Three levels: use Level 1, Level 3 and Level 4 (from superordinate to subordinate)
- Four levels: use Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and Level 4 (from superordinate to subordinate)
- Five levels: use Level 5, Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and Level 4 (from superordinate to subordinate)
No guidelines are provided for articles with six or more levels of headings. Note that APA style does not permit preceding numbers or letters for the headings.
Reference Citations in Text
Reference citations in text are those which are referenced within a passage of text in the body of an article. APA style defines that a reference section may only include articles which are cited within the body of an article. This is the distinction between a document having a Reference section and [Bibliography] which may incorporate sources which may have been read by the authors as background but not refered to or included in the body of a document.
APA follows a number of rules for formating in-line citations, the following is not an exhaustive list as it does not cover quotations, nor all scenarios which may arise when refering to an article or document. Hopefully it is enough to get a feel for how it is used.
- Single Author, Book, Journal, Published article, conference procedings.: Format should be Authors last name (no Initals) followed directly by a comma, then the year of publication. You may choose not to use enclosing brackets around the authors names and refer to the article as part of a natural sentance (year should however normally remains enclosed). The same holds for multiple authors
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundries of a given society, will be interpreted in meaningfull and often simplified forms by the majority(Pauling, 2005).
Alternatively
Pauling (2005) posits that...
- Two Authors, Book, Journal, Published article, conference procedings. Authors should be presented in order that they appear in the published article. If they are cited within closed bracked use the ampersand (&) symbol between them. If not enclosed in brackets then use expanded "and".
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundries of a given society, will be interpreted in meaningfull and often simplified forms by the majority(Pauling & Liu, 2005).
Alternatively
Pauling and Liu (2005) posit that...
- Three or More authors, Book, Journal, Published article, conference procedings. At this point ambiguitys and problems over various journals interpretation and enforcement of various APA styles and editions becomes apparent. With three or more authors it is expected that the first reference to an article contain all authors. Subsequent citations in the same document may refer to the article by the principle author only + et al. The general format is Author 1, Author 2, ... Author N & Author N + 1, normally in the order they appear in the publication, but sometimes Principle author then others in alphabetical. The number of authors required for envoking the et al rule is also often misused/understood. (Note the reference section must contain ALL authors)
First Instance
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundries of a given society, will be interpreted in meaningfull and often simplified forms by the majority(Pauling, Liu & Guo, 2005).
Alternatively
Pauling, Liu and Guo(2005) posit...
Subsequent instances in the same document
Pauling, et al (2005) posit...
Alternatively
(Pauling et al, 2005)
- Multiple publications same author
If an author has multiple publications which you wish to cite, you use a semi colon (;) to seperate the years of publication, in chronological order (oldest to most recent). If the publications occur in the same year, then you must denote this, using a suffix a or b is common (note you must also ensure that the year field in the reference section also contains the same suffix).For multiple authors follow the same rules.
...majority(Pauling, 2004; 2005)
Alternatively
Pauling(2004; 2005) suggests that...
- Multiple publications different authors
Follow the rules above as for same author, using a semicollon to seperate articles. Citation should first be in Alphabetical order of the Author, then chronological.
...majority (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004; 2005; Sirkis, 2003)
Reference List
Book by One Author:
Sherman, R.D. (1956). The Terrifying future: Contemplating colour television. San Diego: Halstead.
Book by Two or More Authors:
Kurosawa, J., & Armistead, Q. (1972). Hairball: An Intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.
Article in an Edited Book:
Stanz, R.F. (1983). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G.L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and Occult Studies: Case Studies in Application. (pp.42–64).
Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination:
Rottweiler, F.T., & Beauchemin, J.L. (1987). Detroit and Sarnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54. 66–146.
Article in a Journal Paginated Seperately:
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
Article in a Monthly Magazine:
Doe, J. (2001, May). My Life as a grocery-store delivery boy. Hot & Steamy Letters, pp.81–85+.
Article in a Newspaper
Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p.4.
Government Document
Revenue Canada. (2001) Advanced gouging: manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
Internet Article Based on a Print Source
Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]. Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124.
Article in an Internet-only Journal
Blofeld, H.V. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html19
Article in an Internet-only Newsletter
Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O.B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing -- Project update. Off the beaten path,7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://www.newsletter.offthebeatenpath.news/otr/complaints.html20
Stand-alone Internet document, no author identified, no date
What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from http://www.cc.mystory.life/blog/didtoday.html21
Document available on university program or department Web site
Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: http://www.eg.spacecentraltoday.mars/university/dept.html22
Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from database
Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Bennes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties. Journal about Nothing, 52, 475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database.
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